Resumen

OBJETIVO: comparar la prevalencia y resultados perinatales adversos de la diabetes mellitus gestacional en mujeres embarazadas adolescentes utilizando tres criterios diagnósticos internacionales diferentes.

MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: estudio comparativo y observacional de cohorte retrospectiva efectuado en adolescentes a quienes se tomó una curva de tolerancia oral a la glucosa de 75g-2 h, entre las 24 y 28 semanas de gestación. Se analizaron la prevalencia y los resultados perinatales adversos, con criterios del Fifth International Workshop-Conference on Gestational Diabetes Mellitus, International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups y National Institute for Health and Care Excellence.

RESULTADOS: se estudiaron 493 adolescentes en quienes se obtuvo una prevalencia de diabetes mellitus gestacional de: 0.2, 6.3 y 1.8%, con los criterios del Fifth International Workshop-Conference on Gestational Diabetes Mellitus, International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups y National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, respectivamente. La prevalencia de diabetes mellitus gestacional fue significativamente mayor con los criterios de la International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups, sin diferencias significativas en los resultados perinatales adversos al utilizar cualquiera de los tres criterios.

CONCLUSIÓN: la prevalencia de diabetes mellitus gestacional según los criterios de la International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups es 3 veces mayor que con los criterios del National Institute for Health and Care Excellence y 30 veces mayor con los criterios de la Fifth International Workshop-Conference on Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. No hubo riesgo incrementado de resultados perinatales adversos en adolescentes con diabetes mellitus gestacional; sin embargo, podrían tener mayor riesgo de padecer diabetes mellitus tipo 2 a largo plazo.

PALABRAS CLAVE: embarazo, adolescentes, diabetes mellitus gestacional, resultados perinatales.

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: To compare the prevalence and perinatal outcomes of gestational diabetes mellitus in adolescent women using three international diagnostics criteria.

METHODS: An observational retrospective cohort study, 493 adolescents were included, an oral glucose tolerance test 75g-2 h was performed, between 24 and 28 weeks of gestation, the prevalence and adverse perinatal outcomes was analyzed, with criteria of Fifth International Workshop-Conference on Gestational Diabetes Mellitus, International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups and National Institute for Health and Care Excellence.

RESULTS: The prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus was: 0.2%, 6.3% and 1.8%, with the criteria of Fifth International Workshop-Conference on Gestational Diabetes Mellitus, International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups and National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, respectively. The prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus was significantly higher with criteria of the International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups; there were no significant differences among adverse perinatal outcomes when using any of the three criteria.

CONCLUSION: Prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus using the criteria of the International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups is 3 times higher than National Institute for Health and Care Excellence criteria and 30 times higher than the Fifth International Workshop-Conference on Gestational Diabetes Mellitus criteria. There was no increased risk of adverse perinatal outcomes in adolescents with gestational diabetes mellitus; however, adolescents may be at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus long term.

KEYWORDS: Pregnancy; Adolescents; Gestational diabetes mellitus; Perinatal outcomes